Showing posts with label Connective Tissue. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Connective Tissue. Show all posts

Sunday, May 6, 2018

Ligament

Basic Anatomy , Connective Tissue
Ligament

Ligament


Ligaments are fibrous bands which connect the adjacent bones, forming integral parts of the joints. They are tough and unyielding, but at tie same time are flexible and pliant, so that the normal movements occur without any resistance, but the abnormal movements are prevented.

Types of Ligament


According to composition:

  1. Most of the ligaments are made up of collagen fibers. These are inelastic and unstretchable,
  2. A few ligaments, like the Ligament flava and ligaments of auditory ossicles, are made up of elastin fibers (predominantly). These are elastic and stretchable.
According to relation to the joint:

  1. Intrinsic ligaments surround the joint, and may be extracapsular or intracapsular.
  2. Extrinsic ligaments are independent of the joint; and lie away from them.

Blood and Nerve Supply of Ligaments


The blood vessels and nerves of the joint ramify on its ligaments and supply them. Most ligaments serve as sense organs because of their rich nerve supply. They act as important reflex mechanisms and are important in monitoring the position and movements of the joint.

Functions of Ligament


  • Ligaments are important agents in maintaining the stability at the joint.
  • Their sensory function makes important reflex organs so that their joint stabilizing role is far more efficient.
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Functions of Connective Tissue

Basic Anatomy , Connective Tissue
Functions of Connective Tissue

Functions of Connective Tissue


Connective tissue performs the following important functions in the body.

  1. As a packing material, connective tissue provides a supporting matrix for many highly organized structures.
  2. It forms restraining mechanism of the body in the form of retinacula, check ligaments and fibrous pulley.
  3. The ensheathing layer of deep fascia preserves the characteristic contour of the limbs and aids circulation in the veins and lymphatics.
  4. It provides surface coatings in the form of superficial fascia which stores fat and conserves body heat.
  5. It provides additional surface for attachment of muscles in the form of deep fascia, intermuscular septa and interosseous membranes.
  6. It forms fascial planes which provide convenient pathways for vessels (blood vessels and lymphatics) and nerves.
  7. In places where it is loose in texture (loose connective tissue) it facilitates movements between the adjacent structures, and by forming bursal sacs it minimizes friction and pressure effects.
  8. Connective tissue helps in the repair of injuries whereby the fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers to form the scar tissue.
  9. The macrophages of connective issue serve a defensive function against the bacterial invasion by their phagocytic activity. They also act as scavengers in removing the cell debris and foreign material.-
  10. The plasma cells are capable of producing antibodies against specific antigens (foreign proteins).
  11. The mast cells, by producing histamine and serotonin, are responsible for the various inflammatory, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.
  12. Pigment cells protect the skin against ultraviolet radiation, so that the inflammatory changes typical sunburn do not occur, and the chromosomal damage in the dividing cells of epidermis is avoided.
  13. Connective tissue contains mesenchymal cells of embryonic type. These are capable of transformation into each type of the connective tissue cells with their discrete functions.


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Sunday, April 29, 2018

Connective Tissue

Basic Anatomy , Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue



Connective tissue is a widely distributed general type of tissue which supports, bind sand protects the special (well differentiated) tissues of the body. It has both the cellular and extracellular components.
The cellular component of connective tissue plays the role of active defense, whereas the extracellular component (fibers and ground substance) serves a number of mechanical functions of support and protection against the mechanical stresses and strains.
The ordinary type of connective tissue is distributed all over the, body, but the special type of connective tissue forms certain well differentiated tissues, like the bone and cartilage.
A number of cell types of the connective tissue are also found in the blood and lymph.
The greater part of connective tissue develops from embryonic mesoderm.
The cells of the connective tissue are widely separated by the abundance of extracellular matrix.

Constituent elements of connective tissue


Connective tissue is made up of cells and extracellular matrix.

  • Cells
    Cells are fibroblast, macrophage, plasma cell, mast cell, fat cell, and pigment cell.
  • Extracellular Matrix
    The matrix has a fibrous and a non–fibrous element. The fibrous element has three types of fibers — collagen, elastin and reticulin. The non fibrous element is formed by the ground substance.
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