Showing posts with label Human Organ Systems. Show all posts

Tuesday, May 1, 2018

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System Outline

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Internal
Parts

Uterus	Major female reproductive organ, one end called cervix opens into vagina and other end is connected to the fallopian tubes, Development of fetus occurs within uterus
Ovaries	Two in number, Egg producing female reproductive organ, oval in shape and ovary of each side is locatd in the ovarian fossa of corresponding side of pelvis

External
Parts

Vulva	External genital organ of females, contains the opening of vagina
Labia	Structures of skin and adipose tissue that extends on both sides of vulva
Clitoris	Button like portion near the labia minora, erects on sexual arousement

Functions

Recieve the sperms from male reproductive
system, Bear the developin fetus through
the entire period of gestation

Introduction to Female Reproductive System

Female reproductive system is the system of reproduction in female human beings. The female reproductive system is complex as compared to the male reproductive system. Females have to bear fetus during fetal period of development within their bodies. Modifications and adaptations to bear the fetus makes female reproductive system more complex. The female body also shows certain adaptations to become capable of bearing the fetus for nine months. Main role of female reproductive system is to produce eggs and allow the process of fertilization and development to take place within their body. The organs of female reproductive system are

Female Reproductive System

Organs of Female Reproductive System

Female reproductive system consists internal and external parts.
INTERNAL PARTS:
Internal parts are the functional parts of female reproductive system. There are two main internal parts; the uterus and the ovaries.

UTERUS: Uterus (also known as womb) is the major reproductive organ of females. It hosts the developing fetus, produces secretions of the female reproductive system and allow the passage of sperms to fallopian tubes where sperms fertilize with eggs.
OVARIES: Ovaries are small paired organs located near the pelvic cavity of females. Ovaries produce the female egg cells.

EXTERNAL PARTS:
External parts are accessory parts of female reproductive system. They help in the process of fertilization, and parturition etc. They are;

VULVA
LABIA
CLITORIS

Functions of Female Reproductive System

As stated above, female reproductive system is mainly concerned with production of eggs and bearing the fetus throughout the developmental phase. The ovaries produce eggs, which are fertilized by sperms and zygote is formed. The development of zygote to a complete human baby takes place in female reproductive system.

Male Reproductive System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Male Reproductive System Outline

Components

Penis	Male copulatory organ having a long shaft and a bulbous tip, transfers the semen into the femal reproductive tract
Testes	Components of both reproductive system and endocrine system, produce semen that ocntains sperms

Functions

Fertilization of females to produce offspring

Introduction of Male Reproductive System

Male reproductive system is the system of sex organs of male human beings that are a part of the overall reproductive process of human beings. Reproduction is the capacity of all living organisms to give rise to their babies that are similar to them. In human beings, sexual type of reproduction takes place and for this type of reproduction, male and female reproductive systems are required. Male reproductive system is mainly concerned with production of semen (whitish viscous fluid emitted from the male reproductive tract that contains sperm and fluids) and transferring it into the female reproductive tract.

Male Reproductive System

(Source: Male_anatomy.png & Tsaitgaist/Wikipedia)

Organs of male Reproductive System

The organs of male reproductive system are penis and testes. They lie outside the male’s body in the pelvic region.

PENIS: Penis is the external sexual organ of male human beings. It’s main role is to get access to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse. In addition to the reproductive role, it also serves as the excretory organ through which urine is expelled out of the body.
TESTES: Testes are components of both reproductive and endocrine system. For reproductive system they produce sperm and for endocrine system they produce male sex hormones like testosterone.

Functions of the male Reproductive System

As stated above, male reproductive system is mainly concerned with production of semen and its transfer to the female reproductive tract. Testes, that are organs of male reproductive system, also produce male sex hormones that distinguish maleness from femaleness. Reproduction is the process through which life continues to exist. Every individual has a limited life span and no one can survive for ever. For the survival of life, reproduction is a necessary process because otherwise no new life will be formed and old life will disappear. So both reproductive systems, whether male or female, are important for survival of life.

Urinary System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Urinary System Outline

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Kidneys	Kidneys are two bean shaped organs lying close to the lumbar spine on either side, they are multifunction organ, form urine and control its concentration
Ureters	Two hollow muscular tubes one arising from each kidney and ending at the urinary bladder, connect kidneys to the bladder
Urinary Bladder	Stores urine before it is excreted from the body, hollow muscular and distensible organ, sits on the pelvic floor.
Urethra	A tube connecting the urinaly bladder to the genitals for excretion

Functions

Excretion of nitrogenous wastes, Osmoregulation,
Acid-Base balance

Introduction to Urinary System

Urinary system is also known as excretory system of human body. It is the system of production, storage and elimination of urine. Formation and elimination of urine is important for human body because urine contains nitrogenous wastes of the body that must be eliminated to maintain homeostasis. Nitrogenous wastes are formed by metabolic activities in the cells. These nitrogenous wastes along with excess of salts and water are combined in the kidneys to form urine. Urinary system is important for keeping the internal environment of the body clean. Urinary system maintains proper homeostasis of water, salts and nitrogenous wastes.

Urinary System

(SOURCE: Jordi March i Nogué/Wikipedia)

Components of Urinary System

Human urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, a urethra and sphincter muscles.

KIDNEYS: Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. Formation of urine takes place in kidneys which are two bean shaped organs lying close to the lumbar spine, one on each side of the body.
URETERS: These are muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urine flows in these tubes from kidney to the urinary bladder.
URINARY BLADDER: Urinary Bladder collects urine before it is excreted from the body. Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular and elastic organ siting on the pelvic floor
URETHRA: Urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the external genitalia for elimination from the body.
SPHINCTER MUSCLES: There are two sphincter muscles to control the elimination of urine from human body. The external of the two muscles is striated and is under voluntary control of the body.

Functions of Urinary System

As stated above, urinary system is the excretory system of human body. It performs the following important functions

FORMATION AND ELIMINATION OF URINE: The main function of urinary system is formation and elimination of urine. Urine is formed by the kidneys in 3 steps; 1) Glomerular Filtration, 2)Tubular reabsorption, and 3)Tubular secretion. For more details on the process of formation of urine, visit “”.
OSMOREGULATION: Kidneys are important osmoregulatory organs of human body. THey maintain salt and water balance of the body. If the concentration of salt or water is increased above normal, kidney will excrete the excess amount. If the concentration is decreased, kidneys will reduce the loss of water and salts in urine.
ACID BASE BALANCE: Kidneys are important regulators of pH of body fluids. Kidneys keep the pH balanced within a very small range and provide an optimum environment for all processes of life.

Digestive System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Digestive System Outline

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Organs

Oral cavity	It is the cavity of mouth, irregular in shape, contains tongue, teeth and salivary glands,
Esopha- gus	Muscular tube passing the food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach	Muscular, hollow and dialted part of alimentary canal, involved in both mechanical and chemical digestion of food, secretes strong acid and enzymes to aid in digestion of food
Small Intestine	Lies between stomach and large intestine, majority of digestion and absorption takes place here, About 5 meters in length
Large Intestine	Second-to-last part of alimentary canal, main function is to absorb water from indigestible food.
Anus	Last part of alimentary canal, opens to outside for ejestion of food, Controls the expulsion of feces

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Organs

Liver	Produces bile for emulsification of fats
Pancreas	Secretes pancreatic juice containing different digestive enzymes into the small intestine
Teeth	Chewing and mastication of food
Tongue	Rolling and lubrication of food

Functions

Digestion and absorption of food

Introduction to Digestive System

Digestive system is the food processing system of human body. The whole digestive system is in the form of a long, hollow, twisted and turned tube, called the alimentary canal, which starts from the oral cavity and ends at the anus. The overall process of digestion and absorption of food occurs in this tube. The tube is divided into different parts on the basis of structure and function of each part. These parts are described below.

Digestive System

Parts of Digestive System

Human digestive system consists of the two categories of parts. The first category consists of those organs that are directly involved in the process of digestion and absorption. The second category consists of those organs that aid the process of digestion and absorption of food by producing chemical substances or by some other way, but are not directly involved in the process of digestion and absorption. The first category of organs may be called as “necessary organs” and the second category as “accessory organs” but it should be kept in mind that without the aid of accessory organs, the process of digestion is seriously impaired. When the accessory organs fail to perform their functions completely, the process of digestion may also completely stop.

Necessary Organs of the Digestive System

ORAL CAVITY
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
ANUS

Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
PANCREAS
SALIVARY GLANDS
TEETH
TONGUE

Functions of Digestive System

As stated above, digestive system is the food processing system of human body. The food taken by human beings is digested into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized for various functions of human body. As the digestive system is the only route of intake of nutrients (in normal conditions), therefore necessarily all the nutrient requirements of human body are fulfilled by this system alone. If the digestive system is impaired for some reason, health of the affected individual will seriously decline.

Endocrine System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Endocrine System Outline

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Typical
Endocrine
Glands

Pituitary Gland	Master galnd of the body, It has two lobes, Present at the base of brain in form of a protrusion, Secretes 9 different major hormones
Thyroid Gland	One of the largest glands of body, Found in neck below the thyroid cartilage, Mainly controls body metabolism, Secretes 3 different hormones
Parathy- roid Glands	Four in number, located behind the thyroid gland, produce parathormone
Adrenal Glands	Found attached to the kidneys, Consists of two parts; Cortex and Medulla, Adrenal cortex produces 3 different hormones and adrenal medulla produces 4 different hormones

Organs
with
Secondary
endocrine
function

Pancre- as	Primarily an organ of digestive system, produces 4 different hormones including Insulin and Glucagon
Gonads	Primarily organs of reproductive system,Testes in males produse testosterone,Ovaries in females produce Estrogens and Progesterone
Liver	Primarily a metabolic organ of human body, produces 3 different types of hormones
Kidneys	Primarily an organ of Excretory system, Produces 4 different types of hormones

Functions

Generally it parallels the associates the nervous system in control of body activitie, Each hormone has a specific function,

Introduction to Endocrine System

Endocrine system is the system of glands of human body. Each of these glands secretes one or more different hormones in the blood for different functions. The secretions of endocrine glands are known as hormones. Each endocrine gland may secrete one or more hormones in the blood and these hormones may or may not have related functions. Generally the hormones regulate different functions of human body like growth, mood, development, and metabolism etc. The perform their function by attaching to the target cells and then communicating with them.

Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands are ductless glands of human body that pour their secretions (hormones) directly into the blood. They have three characteristic features that are:

They are ductless
They are highly vascularized
They possess intracellular vacuoles or granules that store the hormones

In contrast to the endocrine glands are the “exocrine glands”.

Endocrine glands of Human Body

Endocrine glands of human body are divided into two categories; 1) Typical endocrine glands, 2) Organs having secondary endocrine function
1) TYPICAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS: These glands have primary function of producing hormones for human body. Typical endocrine glands include;

PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID GLANDS
ADRENAL GLANDS

Typical Endocrine Glands

2) ORGANS HAVING SECONDARY ENDOCRINE FUNCTION: These organs primarily belong to some other system of the body but have a secondary function of producing hormones. They include;

PANCREAS(Hormones of Pancreas)
OVARIES (In females) (Hormones of Ovaries)
TESTES (In males) (Hormones of Testes)
KIDNEYS (Hormones of Kidneys)
LIVER (Hormones of Liver)

Functions of the Endocrine system

As stated above, endocrine system is a regulatory system of human body. In fact it associates the nervous system in controlling body functions. The control of body function by the nervous system is called nervous coordination and the control of body functions by the endocrine system is called chemical coordination. For a detailed explanation of the difference between nervous coordination and chemical coordination visit “”. The control of body functions by the endocrine system is a long term control system. All the necessary changes and adaptations of the body, required for the long term control of a specific function, are influenced by the hormonal system.

Lymphatic System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Lymphatic System Outline

Component

Lymph
vessels

Carry lymph from tissue spaces
to the venous system, starts blindly
as lymph capillaries in tissue
spaces, their walls are permeable
to substances of much
greater size

Central
Lymphoid Tissues

Bone Marrow	Produces all pluripotent lymphoid cells (in adults), helps in differentiation of B-Lymphocytes
Thymus	Helps in differentiation of T-Lymphocytes

Peripheral
Lymphoid
Organs

Lymph node	Small nodules of lymphoid tissue found in the course of smaller lymph vessels, purify the lymph from harmful agents
Spleen	Removes old blood cells from circulating pool, Keeps a reserve of blood for emergency, Synthesizes antibodies
Epithelio- lymphoid tissues	Lymphoid nodules in places like alimentary canal and respiratory tracts, Works as a security check agains all the incoming agents.

Lympho-
cytes

Mature B- and T-Lymphocytes
circulating in blood, protects the
body against any infectious agent
that enters the blood

Functions

Removal of particulate matter, Production
of lymphocytes, Generation of immune responses

Introduction to Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system is the drainage system of human body and is accessory to the venous system. At arterial ends of capillaries fluid leaks out and at the venous end, it is absorbed back in. Some of the fluid remains in the tissue spaces. This fluid is called lymph and the system by which this lymph is returned back to blood is called lymphatic system. In addition to its drainage function, lymphatic system is also an effective defense system of the body because some organs of the lymphatic system (lympho-reticular organs) are involved in defense activities of the body.

Lymphatic System

(Source: TheEmirr/Wikipedia)

Components of Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system is composed of the following important components.epithelio-lymphoid tissues (lymphoid tissue present in epithelium e.g. lymphoid tissue of alimentary and respiratory tracts).

CIRCULATING POOL OF LYMPHOCYTES: It contains mature progenies of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. They form the first line of defense of the body during antigenic emergencies.

Functions of Lymphatic System

REMOVE PARTICULATE MATTER: Lymph capillaries absorb and remove large protein molecules and other particulate matter from tissue spaces. In this way cellular debris and other harmful particles are washed away.
FILTER THE LYMPH FOR FOREIGN HARMFUL PARTICLES: Lymph nodes act as filter for the lymph and in this way they purify the lymph flowing through them.
PHAGOCYTOSIS: Antigens are removed from lymph by phagocytic activity of cells of lymph node.
PRODUCTION OF LYMPHOCYTES: Mature B-lymphocytes and mature T-lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes.
IMMUNE RESPONSES: Lymphatic system can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses.

Cardiovascular System

Anonymous Human Organ Systems ,

Cardiovascular System Outline

Components

Heart

Hollow muscular organ providing the force
for flow of blood thoroughout human body

Blood
Vessels

Pathways of blood flow in human body,
hollow tubes, of 3 types

Arteries	Carry blood away from heart to other body parts, very muscular and elastic
Capillaries	Microscopic blood vessels where exchange of nutrients with tissues take place
Veins	Carry blood towards the heart from other body parts, their walls are thinner as compared to corresponding arteries.

Blood

Special type of body tissue that is in
fluid form, consists of the
following components;

Plasma

Blood cells

White
Blood
Cells

Red
Blood
Cells

Platelets

Functions

Provide nutrients to body parts, Remove
excretory Products from body parts,
Protects body against infection, Distribution of heat.

Introduction to Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular system means the system of heart and blood vessels of human body. The term “cardiovascular” is a combination of two word; “Cardio” and “vascular”. The term “cardio” is derived from “cardiac” meaning Heart and the term “vascular” means blood vessels. So the name itself indicates that cardiovascular systems is the system of heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular system is also known as “Circulatory System”.

Cardiovascular System

Components of Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular system is made up of three major components; Heart, Blood vessels and blood.
HEART:Heart is a hollow muscular organ made of strong cardiac muscles. Heart can push the blood through the circulatory system with great force. In fact push of the heart is the major force that causes circulation of blood throughout human body. Heart is made up of three layers; Pericardium, Myocardium and Endocardium.

Human Heart

BLOOD VESSELS:Human beings have a closed type of circulatory system (visit my blog post: Difference between open and closed circulatory systems) in which blood does not come in direct contact with body tissues. Instead the blood flows in restricted pathways called blood vessels. Materials are exchanged between blood and body tissues through the walls of blood vessels. Thus blood vessels are pathways of blood flow in human body. There are three main types of blood vessels; Arteries, Capillaries and Veins.

BLOOD: Blood is a specialized tissue of body that exists in fluid form. It is one of the five basic types of tissues of human body. (Blog post:Basic tissue types of Human Body). Blood consists of two major portions: Blood cells and Plasma. Plasma is the watery portion of blood that makes it a fluid. 90% of blood plasma is water and remaining 10% are proteins, inclusions and waste products etc. Blood cells are of three main types: Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Platelets.

Bleeding Finger

(SOURCE: "Flickr:Bleed/Wikipedia")

Importance of Cardiovascular System

Perfectly functioning Cardiovascular system is so important for human body, that if it stops for a minute, rapid death will occur. The flow of blood is necessary for existence of life. If the flow of blood is stopped, life will stop. Heart is the main organ of cardiovascular system and it is responsible for distributing blood all over human body. Heart diseases are categorized as the “leading cause of death” in United states. (Reference:CDC.gov). This explains that most people in the united stated die because of heart diseases and elaborates the importance of heart and Cardiovascular system for human body.

Tuesday, May 1, 2018